DrugsRead – Read about Health

Just stop using them, and get to as many Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous meetings as you can. Withdrawal symptoms may include restlessness, anxiety and twitching.
Do not substitute other drugs or alcohol.
Alcohol
How to stop-If you are regularly drinking heavily and have been dependent on alcohol for a long time, stopping without any medication has risks. You must have medical supervision.
Withdrawal symptoms-Feeling or being sick, shaking, sweating and cramps are common. Agitation, restlessness and lack of concentration are also part of the withdrawal symptoms. Most people experience insomnia. The first three days are the worst.
DTs – or delirium tremens – is the name given to really violent withdrawal shakes, which are sometimes accompanied by seeing or hearing things that are not there. Alcohol withdrawal fits can follow. That is why alcoholics should have some medical help in withdrawal. If these fits are not prevented or dealt with properly, they can be fatal.
Advice-Get to Alcoholics Anonymous, and try to attend their meetings daily if possible. A week off work will probably help you in the first days of your recovery, but get back to normal functioning as soon as possible.

*73\116\2*

Case No. 1 : Roshan Lai was one of the front-rankers in his class, but he could never score good marks in his examinations. Whenever he sat for the examination, he thought he knew the answer to all questions set in the paper.
When he started writing the paper, the correct answers just eluded his memory, and when he walked out of the examination hall after submitting his answer sheets, the correct answers come back to his mind. Scleranthus was given to him T.D.S 2 days before the start of his next examination and was continued throughout the examination days.
He scored 80% marks in the examination. In our dispensary this medicine is very much sought after by the examinees during examination days.
Case No. 2: Mrs. Mehrotra, a school teacher, got many oral warnings from the Principal for late attendance in the school. When she got a written warning, she came to us for advice.
She explained that much as she desired to be in time, she could not do it.
She awoke early in the morning, but could not leave the bed early, and when she ultimately left the bed, she postponed all functions i.e. bmshing, teeth, bathing, dressing up, taking breakfast etc. till she was late for school.
Horn Beam (for enabling her to leave the bed early after waking) and Scleranthus (to remove her postponing habit) were given T.D.S for 2 weeks to make her punctual.
*177\308\8*

As we have seen, dreaming is a natural, universal, and in many ways perhaps even beneficial process. There are times, however, when our dreams are not so benign, when the images and feelings they generate disturb our sleep and cause emotional disruption that persists far into our waking hours. I refer, of course, to nightmares.
Etymologically, a “mare” in this context refers not to a horse but to a goblin or incubus, an evil spirit believed to have sexual intercourse with a sleeping woman. On a more clinical level, a nightmare is defined as a dream that occurs during a REM sleep period, usually lasts about twenty minutes, and provokes such intense anxiety that it causes the sleeper to awaken in a state of emotional distress. Nightmares, like other REM period dreams, are likely to be recalled by the dreamer, most often in very vivid detail. I need hardly describe the content of these dreams: scenes of falling, persecution, embarrassment, fear, violence, danger, death. Often the same theme recurs in the dreams of a particular individual. Approximately 5 percent of the adult population currently experiences difficulty with nightmares; another 5 percent have had problems with them in the past. The onset of nightmares usually occurs early in life; roughly 50 percent of my patients who report disturbing dreams have experienced them with some consistency since before the age of ten. Statistically an adult is likely to have at least one nightmare a year; only one person in five hundred has them as often as once a week. Recent research has confirmed the notion that those who suffer from frequent nightmares are likely to be the so-called creative types—painters, musicians, and writers. Women are apparently more susceptible than men to nightmares.
Because nightmares are so widespread, they are considered by some experts a normal, possibly even a healthy, part of growth and development. The ability to feel fear, for example, is thought to be an inborn and largely positive trait. Such instincts warn us of danger and prompt us to act to remove ourselves from it.
*300\226\8*

Checking mirrors and other reflecting surfaces (e.g., windows, backs of spoons) is one of the most important behaviors to control. Many people say they quickly feel better when they cut back or stop this behavior. Mirror checking is time consuming and often makes people much more anxious and depressed. In addition, most BDD’ sufferers check reflecting surfaces so excessively, closely, and in such minute detail that they get a very distorted view of themselves and then feel even worse about how they look. Have you ever intensely stared in the mirror at something on your face (a mark, pimple, or pore) from only an inch away? Or closely examined your face with a magnifying mirror? Minor flaws become gigantic! This is what many people with BDD do, many for hours a day. Other reflecting surfaces (e.g., car bumpers, shiny plastic or chrome surfaces) will also give you a very distorted picture of yourself.
The goal is to have a normal relationship with mirrors (mirror retraining, which I’ll describe below, can help you achieve this). This means not going out of your way to check them, not checking them many times a day or for long periods of time, not staring in them from only an inch or two away, and being able to look in them briefly when necessary (for example, when grooming each morning). For example, it would be reasonable to stand several feet from the mirror for 5 to 10 minutes each morning while washing your face, combing your hair, and brushing your teeth—without zeroing in on your flaws. It’s also reasonable to intermittently look in a mirror for a few minutes when washing your face and brushing your teeth at night. What you don’t want to do is gaze at yourself for longer periods of time, make extra trips to the bathroom or other places during the day to check, or sneak peeks in a pocket mirror or reflecting surfaces you encounter during the day. It’s probably also a good idea to take down extra mirrors if you have lots of them. For example, no one needs five mirrors in their living room.
*300\204\8*

To repeat, the HIV test is designed to determine the presence of HIV infection—that is, it is designed to detect antibodies to the virus. Antibodies to the virus are present in virtually all people who are infected and absent in people who are not infected. Test results are usually either positive, meaning the antibodies are present, or negative, meaning they are absent. Occasionally test results are indeterminant, meaning that the results were neither clearly positive nor clearly negative. In this case, the test should be retaken.
Inaccurate or false test results are extremely rare. Nevertheless, as discussed above, the test is not always positive in people who are infected and not always negative in those who are not infected.
Negative Test Results-A negative result of the test generally means the virus is not present. In a few rare cases, as noted above, the negative result can be false. This can happen if the test is taken during the two- to three-month period (or occasionally longer) between the time of infection and the time when antibodies develop. For the person who is concerned about false negative results, the usual recommendation is to repeat the blood test after three months.
*265\191\2*

I played football in college, now I’m an attorney and I’m on my feet all day arguing cases. Many nights, I go out dancing. I recently put on a lot of weight. I was born bowlegged. All of this took its toll on my knee. My knee started hurting, the pain would travel down to my ankles by night. I could barely stand up. My doctor said I had a torn meniscus and recommended that I have arthroscopic surgery to repair it. I didn’t like the idea of surgery, but I felt if I wanted to get on with my life, I had no choice.
John, thirty-four years old

The menisci are made of fibrous cartilage, which is composed of collagen bundles. They are thick, rubbery structures that are attached to the tibia and the fibula. There are two menisci in each knee: the medial meniscus (on the inner side of the knee joint) and the lateral meniscus (on the outside of the knee). The menisci serve as a cushion or shock absorber, protecting the knee bones from excess force.
Both menisci are crescent-shaped discs; the medial meniscus is longer from front to back than the lateral meniscus, which is shaped more like an open C. The lateral meniscus has a looser connection to the capsule of the joint and, therefore, has more mobility.
At one time, it was believed that the menisci had no particular function, and in fact, if they became injured or torn, then one or both could be removed without inpunity. Today, orthopedists have a new appreciation for the menisci and the critical role they play as shock absorbers. We now believe that people with damaged menisci may be more prone to develop arthritis. In fact, meniscectomy (removal of a meniscus) is performed only as a last resort—we try very hard to repair and preserve this important piece of cartilage.
Some people may have a congenital abnormality of the lateral meniscus called a discoid meniscus. Instead of the usual C shape, the meniscus is flat and pancakelike. Before the days of arthroscopy, doctors believed that a discoid meniscus was a major cause of pain and discomfort. In fact, a click of the knee was considered absolute evidence of a discoid meniscus, and the troublesome cartilage was typically removed. Unfortunately, the diagnosis was often wrong. (The knee can click for many different reasons, most of them harmless.) In addition, from the hindsight of observing thousands of patients during arthroscopy, we have learned that a discoid meniscus is not only benign, but because it covers more surface, it may actually be a better shock absorber. However, there is still some controversy as to whether a discoid meniscus tears more easily than a normal meniscus.
The menisci are particularly susceptible to injury due to the rotational forces that are placed on them. For example, when you walk or run, you’re not just moving your knee forward or back, your knee also rotates slightly to allow for a pivoting motion. Your knee joint must move in sync to correctly absorb the forces that are placed on it. However, what may happen is when you move suddenly or make a quick, twisting motion, the femur may rotate, but the foot remains fixed. As a result, the joint is not allowed to go through its normal motion, and the meniscus can get caught in the middle and is torn either partially or completely apart. Although meniscal injuries can happen to anyone, athletes who perform sports that require running and pivoting are particularly prone to them. Not surprisingly, it’s a frequent injury among basketball players. Torquing right and then pivoting left with a fixed foot—a typical basketball maneuver—is a common mechanism of meniscal injury.
But most meniscal injuries occur off the basketball court in the most mundane of situations. For example, a more typical scenario is one in which you’re getting up from a chair or you trip off a curb, and suddenly you feel pain in your knee. The knee swells up later in the day or overnight, and it may feel more comfortable keeping the leg in a bent or flexed position. You limp around a bit and hope that the pain goes away, but it often persists and eventually you end up at the doctor’s office. Your doctor will probably order a magnetic resonance image (MRI), and although the MRI will show a meniscal injury, it cannot pinpoint the precise date of the injury. (Only arthroscopy can distinguish between a new and chronic tear.) The meniscal injury that is causing you grief today could have been the result of a tear from years or even decades in the past. At the time, the injury may not have been serious and may have even gone unnoticed but nevertheless left the meniscus vulnerable to further injury. The rather insignificant event that triggered the pain (getting up from the chair or tripping off the curb) was the “final straw” that led to a more serious injury.
MRIs of people over fifty have revealed that the menisci appear to undergo a degenerative process due to aging. In older people, the menisci routinely soften: the collagen bundles loosen up much the same way collagen loosens up in skin, which causes aging skin to wrinkle. The once strong surface of the meniscus becomes filled with deposits of fat rather than tense, fibrous tissue. Although the aging meniscus may loose some of its strength, it still has some shock-absorbing function. We don’t know exactly what percentage of the normal load-bearing forces a degenerative meniscus can withstand, but studies reveal that keeping a symptom-free meniscus is better than completely removing it, which will inevitably lead to arthritic changes.
In fact, on an MRI, a meniscus of an older person may appear to be far worse than it actually is and may not be the cause of the person’s pain or discomfort.
*19\185\2*

панические расстройства

Некоторые врачи считают астму судорожной одышкой, признавая, тем самым, ведущую роль нервной системы. Другие – обращают внимание на значительную роль сочетания внешней среды и эмоций в происхождении астмы. Большинство учёных в развитии заболевания астмой придают особое значение наследственности.
В прошлом столетии были разработаны различные теории, объясняющие происхождение бронхиальной астмы.
Одной из первых теорий возникновения астмы была рефлекторная теория, по которой основным моментом являлось наличие (особых) рефлекторных точек в слизистых оболочках дыхательных путей.
Несколько позднее была выдвинута интоксикационная теория возникновения астмы. По этой теории, любое заболевание любого внутреннего органа могло стать причиной приступов астмы.
Почти в эти же годы в ряде европейских стран возникло предположение об анафилактическом происхождении астмы.
Учёные считали, что не существует астмы только нервного или рефлекторного характера. Астма, по их мнению, является проявлением анафилаксии. Термин «анафилаксия» означает «сверх повышенная чувствительность». Эта теория могла объяснить разнообразие причин, вызывающих у различных людей астмы как проявление болезни. Анафилактическая теория оказала очень глубокое влияние на учение об астме. Постепенно, по мере накопления знаний об аллергии, анафилактическая теория возникновения астмы получила всё более широкое распространение.
В чём суть этой теории?
Состояние анафилаксии подразумевает состояние сверх повышенной чувствительности организма к воздействию аллергенов. Значение аллергенов как факторов внешней среды находит подтверждение в том, что прекращение контакта с аллергеном в начале заболевания нередко приводит к прекращению приступов.
Подтверждением аллергической природы астмы является тот факт, что у большинства больных астмой в истории болезни нередко находят различные аллергические болезни.
Научно установлено, что в развитии астмы, решающую роль играет специфическая реактивность организма, чаще всего на почве наследственной предрасположенности. Человек, имеющий наследственную чувствительность к какому-то аллергену, встречается с ним, но при первом контакте происходит только сенсибилизация организма, т.е. в организме запускается механизм чувствительности к аллергену. При повторном контакте с аллергеном, организм начинает защищать себя, развивается реакция антиген-антитело. В случаях астмы аллергической реакцией на повторное поступление аллергена являются бронхоспазм, повышенная проницаемость эпителия бронхов, усиленная секреция слизи, реакция кровеносных сосудов.
Доказательством специфичности того или иного аллергена, способствующего возникновению астмы, является сам приступ при соприкосновении с ним, а исключение аллергена из окружения или пищи приводит к исчезновению приступов. В настоящее время установлено огромное количество аллергенов самой разнообразной природы.
Нередко развитию астмы предшествуют различные аллергические заболевания и реакции. Чаще всего – это пищевая аллергия, различные высыпания на коже, риниты.
Пищевые аллергены такие как яйца, рыба, цитрусовые, орехи, молоко, могут вызывать приступы у детей. С возрастом постепенно уменьшается роль пищевой аллергии и возрастает роль ингаляционной. Наиболее часто ингаляционными аллергенами являются: домашняя пыль, перья, пух, шерсть животных, пыльца растений, споры грибов. Приступы бронхиальной астмы мог вызываться медикаментами при лекарственной аллергии.
Различные кишечные паразиты (гельминты, лямблии) могут также вызывать приступы астмы, преимущественно в детском возрасте, но их наличие в кишечнике обычно усиливают вызванную другими аллергенами чувствительность.
Частые и длительные по протеканию заболевания органов дыхания могут привести ослабленный организм ребёнка к сенсибилизации аллергенами микробного происхождения из очагов воспаления (воспаление лёгких, инфекционная ангина и т.п.). Кроме того, установлено, что не только микробы, но и образующиеся при их распаде белковые вещества, а также и продукты распада собственных тканей организма, проникая в ткань, легко сенсибилизируют их, вызывая изменения нервных окончаний лёгкого.
Многие учёные придают важное значение сезонным колебаниям температуры в возникновении и частоте приступов астмы. Одни ставят эти колебания в связь с цветением растений, другие объясняют различную частоту приступов сезонными колебаниями тонуса нервной, системы.
Сезонность характера питания также может обусловить в разное время года то больший, то меньший контакт с пищевыми аллергенами – некоторыми фруктами, овощами и т.д. Нельзя исключить и влияние повышенной чувствительности к холоду и теплу, а также учащение инфекционных заболеваний дыхательных путей в осенне-зимне-весенний период.
Научными исследование установлено, что в начале заболевания астмой, организм реагирует на определённые раздражители-аллергены, но в дальнейшем течении болезни, круг аллергенов постепенно увеличивается и организм может реагировать на множество аллергенов из окружающей среды.
Постепенно больной становится чувствительным к различным аллергенам. При этом большое значение придаётся психическим факторам. Указывается на то, что у некоторых больных астмой уже одно воспоминание об аллергене или приступе может вызвать приступ удушья.
Обычно психогенные факторы играют важную роль у долго болеющих людей. Сильные волнения, тревога, страх, эмоции, радость, горе также могут способствовать возникновению приступов астмы. В литературе приводится масса примеров влияния психологической травмы на больных астмой.

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